Physicists versed in the theory of relativity use the expression 'proper time' to refer to what they see as the time rate in their own moving frames of reference. In relativity, time is something that moves ever onwards at different rates according to the perceptions of different observers having different states of uniform motion.
By implication there is what we may term 'improper time' which one could say is that prevailing on a universal scale if we were to hold on to our intuitive sense of time as once accepted and relied upon by most scientists including Sir Isaac Newton.
Now, there is no scope for unifying anything in physical theory unless one has common ground on which to build and the question of 'time' is intimately involved in the actions of gravitation and electromagnetism because these are both dynamic in nature.
The equality of inertial and gravitational mass is not something to be described as a 'principle'. If we do that we need to ask "Whose principle?" You reply: "Einstein, it is his 'Principle of Equivalence'!" Well, really, are we supposed to believe that we experience gravitation because we are being accelerated in an expanding universe? If so, then that acceleration has to be at a different rate for different observers wherever they are in the universe, just as our 'proper time' has to be peculiar to each of us as individuals.
Is it not better to examine the cause of that equivalence and see gravitation as evidencing the dynamic connection between two mass systems in a state of balance, one being the normal matter form and one being a `ghost-like' something that belongs to the aether but is the gravity-producing agency?
The proposition advanced here by the author is that the mass property of an element of matter as such is seated in its electric charge and that such charge is obliged by an 'aetherial' influence to conform to a jitter motion which puts it out-of-balance dynamically. That 'aetherial' ghost world, which we cannot see and which we only barely detect in its quantum interplay with matter, contrives to provide what we here term 'gravitons' which collectively have a local mass equal to that of matter present and which move in dynamic juxtaposition with the jitter so as to provide a balance.
The electromagnetic reference frame is that in which the charge is seen to be at rest as far as the jitter motion is concerned, but yet there is always motion in the inertial frame. This essentially is the causal basis of the phenomenon underlying Heisenberg's Principle of Uncertainty. So, you see, we can dispose of both Einstein's Principle of Equivalence and Heisenberg's Principle of Uncertainty by the simple analogy of a school child on a see-saw. The child goes up and down and one can never be sure exactly how far that child is above the ground, but we know that the body mass must be balanced by something on the other side of that see-saw. We may not believe in ghosts, but that something is not another child! It is an apparition in the aether, a reaction to the presence of that child's action.
The gravitons are created as needed. They are what may be termed 'virtual leptons' and, as already implied on page 11, one can show that tau particles play a role here. But they exist in measure related to the inertial mass and they share a synchronized motion in the electromagnetic reference frame solely associated with the jitter that we know features in quantum mechanics.
Such effects therefore bring together quantum physics, gravitation and electrodynamics in a very direct way, but the action demands the dynamic balance of a quantum jitter motion, a feature which somehow, quite incredibly, eludes Einstein's theory. The seat of that jitter and the dynamic reaction has to involve energy and action in something that exists in an environmental association with matter but is physically distinct and so we need that aetherial medium. Here again we are reminded that Einstein deliberately chose to reject the need for an aether and thereby failed to grasp its dynamic reality. In that he paid the heavy price of having to wander in a philosophical wilderness searching for his unified field theory. He was searching for a connection between the electrical and gravitational mass properties of matter after actually discarding the missing link, the aether itself.
Einstein came close at one point during the early years of wave mechanics to seeing the connection with the Heisenberg jitter activity but he lacked the foresight to interpret his mathematics as representing a real aether and so missed seeing the need for dynamic balance.
The acceptance of a coordinated state of jitter motion, which could not occur unless there is an instantaneous action-at-a-distance in the Coulomb sense, is essential to the understanding of the causal factors governing gravitation. It is this that gives the charges their rest mode in the electromagnetic frame, notwithstanding the jitter motion in the inertial frame. This leaves the electrodynamic action of the gravitons as the only related action subject to retardation effects, owing to propagation delays, but even here, exceptionally in the gravitational context, since the gravitons are in synchronized motion owing to their dynamic interaction with the charged matter, even the gravitational force is not subjected to retardation so far as it applies between charged matter at rest in the electromagnetic reference frame.
In essence, therefore, this summary account is the basis of the unified field theory offered here by the author. It requires the existence of the energy-active aetherial medium which is our 'Creative Vacuum'. It further requires that this medium, so far as it is coextensive with the range of gravitational action, is, in effect, a universal clock keeping everything in harmonious synchrony so as to share the same jitter frequency. This universal clock keeps what, in Einstein terminology, might be said to be 'improper time'.
In order then to explain why experiment suggests that atoms moving through the electromagnetic frame adapt to what is termed their 'proper time' we need to apply the above teachings to a free atom in motion through the electromagnetic reference frame.
Note that the connection between electrodynamic interaction and gravitational interaction requires that the electrodynamic force acting between gravitons is directed along the line joining them. The gravity force between matter is, in fact, not a force set up directly between the charges in that matter but rather a force on their 'field', meaning the closely-associated gravitons.
There is no use of the Lorentz force formulation in this analysis because the Lorentz force law is not sufficiently fundamental. As is shown in the papers referenced in this work, we can derive that law as a version of a generic formulation for restricted use in electric circuit theory, but a more fundamental generic force law is needed to explain gravitation. See particularly reference [1].
Fortunately, there is a way of proving this, but first take note that we are to adopt the position that, for gravitons in motion in the electromagnetic reference frame but holding their relative positions unchanged, their electrodynamic interaction force is of the inverse-square of distance form and acts directly between the gravitons.
An analogous condition electrodynamically is found in the case of a hydrogen atom in translational motion at speed u through the electromagnetic reference frame. It follows, therefore, that experimental tests on the spectral displacement of radiation from such an atom as a function of speed should confirm the hypothesis about this aspect of the electrodynamic force law.
Note here that Einstein's theory dodges the issue by always looking at the problem as if u is zero, and by translating the form of the problem on the assumption that there has been some kind of physical transformation, even one involving time passing at a different rate. This is where the `proper' time versus `improper' time aspect is introduced.
Unfortunately, for those who adhere to Einstein's principles, those transformations between frames of reference, when applied to the aether itself, actually smear vacuum charge as such, meaning the charge that sustains Maxwell's displacement currents and participates in the quantum jitter motion. They make those currents appear as a series of continuous current filaments. This treats the vacuum medium as having the closed circuit properties which suit the Lorentz version of the electrodynamic force law. The problem treated by the Einstein technique then becomes a distortion of the truth.
It is essential, therefore, to stay with the problem of the atom in motion at a translational velocity u and accept the complications of having to factor the actual electrodynamic action into the analysis, whilst working in the universal 'improper' time frame.
The basic physics of the Bohr hydrogen atom suffice for this exercise but there is something new here that will surprise physicists. It will be presented below in the precise form of a paper submitted to Physics Letters. The letter of rejection is reproduced immediately following the paper, to show the reader the cursory editorial treatment administered. Then it is for the reader to judge whether the paper, which has bearing on the whole of the unified field theory discussed in this work, warrants such rejection.
